Cash transactions occur frequently on the farm. An important management task is to control this flow of cash in and out of the farm business. This fact sheet reviews the concepts of liquidity and cash flow planning and discusses ideas for improving your farm's cash flow performance.

What Is Liquidity?

     Liquidity Liquidity deals with the ability of your farm to generate enough cash to meet financial obligations as they come due without disrupting the normal operation of the farm business. This concept is illustrated in Figure 1.

     Cash flows into the business from various sources such as crop and livestock sales, other farm receipts, sale of capital assets, nonfarm receipts and borrowed money. You use this money to meet financial obligations like production expenses, capital expenditures, loan payments and family living expenditures. Inflows and outflows seldom coincide with each other. Consequently, a liquidity or cash reserve should be managed to prevent cash shortages from disrupting your normal farm business operations and to prevent noninterest earning cash reserves from building up. The terms used in Figure 1 are discussed here to clarify the cash flow concept.

Cash Inflows

• Crop, livestock and livestock product sales are the primary source of cash for your farm business and are critical to maintaining the liquidity reserve of the farm business. Some enterprises, such as a dairy, generate a relatively even flow of cash into the farm business over the production year. Other enterprises like corn or feeder livestock result in sporadic cash inflows as sales are lumped into relatively few transactions during the course of the production period.
• Other farm receipts often constitute a substantial cash inflow to your farm business. Typical items include payments from participation in government commodity programs, income from custom work performed, and co-op dividends.
• Nonfarm receipts include items such as income from an off-farm job, cash infusion from nonfarm savings and investments, interest earned on nonfarm investments and capital provided by outside investors.
• Sale of capital assets include the sporadic cash inflows from the sale of land, buildings, machinery, breeding livestock and tools.
• Borrowed money is shown in Figure 1 as a cash inflow entering the liquidity reserve from the side rather than the top. It is often considered a residual source of cash used to maintain your liquidity reserve when cash cuff lows exceed the sometimes sporadic inflows of the four sources mentioned previously. Borrowed money can take the form of short-term loans to cover operating costs, intermediate-term

          loans for assets such as machinery and           livestock, or long-term loans such as farm           mortgages on land and buildings.

Cash Outflows

• Production expenses constitute a relatively large draw on your liquidity reserve. These expenses include seed, fertilizer, chemicals, feed, hired labor, repairs and others. If you fail to maintain the liquidity reserve to meet these expenses, your farm production could immediately decrease or you could pay a bigger interest on borrowed money.
• Capital expenditures include your cash outlays for replacing and adding machinery and breeding livestock, and purchase of land and buildings. These outlays are important for maintaining and increasing the growth of your farm business. These cash outflows are sporadic and often involve large amounts of money. Consequently, you need to carefully plan to ensure a liquidity reserve to meet these expenditures.
• Loan payments on borrowed money can be made during times when cash inflows from nonborrowed sources exceed cash outflows. Consider this when formulating your loan payment schedules.
• Family living expenditures are sometimes overlooked as being secondary to the other cash outflows. Actually, certain basic family living expenses must be covered as indicated by the fact that money earmarked for other uses in the farm business sometimes finds its way into the family budget.

How Do I Use
a Cash Flow Statement
To Monitor Liquidity?

     The best way to maintain your liquidity reserve is through cash flow planning. The tool used in this process is the "Cash Flow Statement." It records the timing and size of cash inflows and outflows that occur over a given accounting period, normally one year. The accounting period is broken down into smaller time periods, usually months. You normally keep two kinds of cash flow statements for each accounting period; projected and actual. The projected cash flow statement is completed at the beginning of the accounting period and projects expected cash inflows and outflows for the period to estimate the liquidity reserve or ending cash balance for each month. If the ending cash balance is short in any month, you can make plans for borrowing or setting up a line of credit.
     As the accounting period progresses, keep an actual cash flow statement to record cash transactions as they take place. Then compare the actual cash flow statement with the projected cash flow statement to see if things are going as planned, to devise remedies for solving previously unforeseen problems, or to take advantage of opportunities not anticipated. At the end of the accounting period, use the actual cash flow statement to estimate the projected cash flow statement for the next accounting period. The formats for cash flow statements vary but most contain similar information. A sample projected cash flow statement is shown in Table 1. and a blank one in Table 2.
     The sample projected cash flow statement summarizes monthly cash inflows and outflows for the Whitmer farm¹ for one year. The first column lists the transactions. The second column summarizes the total cash inflows and outflows for the previous year. The next twelve columns

project the monthly cash inflows and outflows for the coming year. The last column totals the monthly projections. The main categories of entries include: Cash Inflows, Cash Operating Expenses, Other Cash Outflows, Cash Flow Summary, and Loan Balances End of Period.

Cash Inflows

     The Whitmer farm produces corn and soybeans. Some of the corn is used to feed purchased feeder pigs. The remaining corn and soybeans are sold. The farm receives subsidy payments from participation in the government commodity programs. The owner is also employed in a part-time off- farm job during the winter. The cash inflow section shows that last year the Whitmers generated $139,510 (line 7) from these various sources. Their total projected cash inflow for the year is estimated at $146,770 (line 7).

Cash Operating Expenses

     The Whitmers' cash operating expenses last year total $85,390 (line 21). Expenses are projected for the coming year based on last year's figures, expected price changes, and any changes in production that are expected for the coming year. Their total cash operating expenses for the year are projected to be $89,600 (line 21).

Other Cash Outflows

     In March, the Whitmers plan to replace a tractor. With a trade-in allowance on the old tractor, the cash "boot" of the new tractor will be $29,700 (line 22). The Whitmers project family withdrawals to be $1,300 a month (line 23). Taxes of $4,200 (line 24) are projected to be paid in March. On lines 25 and 26, the intermediate loan principal and interest payments are listed for April and October. Principal and interest on

the farm mortgage are paid in February and listed on lines 27 and 28. These cash outflows are totaled with cash operating expenses on line 29. The total cash outflow, including cash operating expenses for the year, is projected to be $163,705, compared with $117,305 for the past year.

Cash Flow Summary

     The cash flow summary is important because it projects the Whitmers' liquidity reserve for the coming year, which determines when cash surpluses and shortfalls might take place. New borrowings and loan payments can then be made to maintain a liquidity reserve-ending cash balance-for each month. The Whitmers' wish to maintain a liquidity reserve of at least $1,500 at all times. The cash flow summary shows how they maintain this reserve (many farm managers have a line of credit to reduce the liquidity reserve or maintain the liquidity reserve in an interest bearing account).

     The Whitmers begin with a January cash balance of $1,500 (line 30) which is the ending cash balance from the previous December. They have cash inflows of $15,200 for January (line 7) and cash outflows of $3,200 (line 29). The difference of $12,000 is listed on line 31. When added to the beginning balance, this creates a cash surplus of $13,500 (line 32). The Whitmers have an operating loan balance from the previous year and have decided to use the cash surplus to pay off the $11,250 principal and $450 interest on this loan. This will leave them with an $1,800 ending cash balance for January (line 38) which becomes the beginning cash balance for February.

     In February, the difference in cash inflows and outflows is $10,520. Adding this to the $1,800 beginning cash balance results in a February ending cash balance of $12,320. The

Whitmers know that in March, they will have a cash shortfall so they plan to hold the entire $12,320 to help with this shortfall. In March, cash outflows are projected to exceed cash inflows by $37,545, mainly because of the purchase of the new tractor. The Whitmers" plan to meet this shortfall by using the surplus from February and by taking out a machinery loan for $27,500 (line 34). This will leave an ending cash balance of $2,275.

     The Whitmers project their April through June cash outflows to exceed cash inflows. They plan to maintain the $1,500 ending cash balance each month by increasing the operating loan. Sale of market hogs in July will create a cash surplus for July and August. Another cash deficit in September will be covered by an increase in the operating loan. A cash surplus from crop sales in October will be used to reduce the operating loan and carry the Whitmers through November and December. They end the year with an ending cash balance of $1,500.

     Lines 33 to 35 list new borrowings for operating, and for intermediate- and long-term loans. Lines 36 and 37 list payments of operating loan principal and interest. The question is sometimes asked why principal and interest payments for intermediate- and long-term loans are included in the "Other Cash Outflows" section rather than the "Cash Flow Summary" section. The reason for this is that intermediate- and long-term loan payments are usually scheduled for specific months when the loans are made while operating loan payments remain flexible. In fact, using the "Cash Flow Summary" in the cash flow statement is the best way to schedule operating loan payments. The operating loan acts as the primary tool for maintaining the level of cash reserve. For farms that operate on equity capital rather than operating loans, the cash flow statement determines when cash surpluses are available for alternative uses.

Loan Balances End of Period

     The final section of the cash flow statement is the "Loan Balances End of Period." This section keeps a running total of operating, and intermediate- and longterm loan principal balances. On the Whitmer farm, loan principal balances at the end of the previous year are $11,250 (line 39) for operating loans, $17,000 (line 40) for intermediate loans, and $88,700 (line 41) for long-term loans. These balances are projected to fluctuate through the coming year as payments are made and new money is borrowed. For example, the operating loan balance is decreased in January by subtracting the loan payment of $11,250 and adding any additional borrowings (in the example there are none). These calculations continue for each successive month. On the Whitmer farm the operating loan balance increases in April through June and also in September. In October, it is reduced below the January starting level. Intermediate- and long-term loan balances are projected to fluctuate through the year. The intermediate loan balance ends almost twice as high as the beginning balance because of the tractor purchase. The long-term loan balance ends at a lower level than the beginning balance.

Hints for Cash Flow Planning

     The example projected a cash flow statement for the coming year. As the year progresses, the Whitmers will fill out an actual cash flow statement for each month listing inflows, cash operating expenses, and other cash outflows. They will then fill out the cash flow summary section showing actual loan balances in the "Loan Balances End of Period" section. The actual cash flow statement can then be compared with their projections to improve the management of the farm. Thus, the actual cash flow statement from this year can be used to project the cash flow statement for next year. By doing this, the Whitmers will always know that they have a cash reserve and will not be surprised by cash shortfalls.

     Projecting a cash flow statement for the first time is sometimes difficult. Farm records are the first place where you look for information you need to complete the cash flaw statement (see Fact Sheet 542, "Developing and Improving Your Farm Records"). Your previous year's actual entries from farm records, tax forms or checkbook registers are useful sources of information. Good crop and livestock budgets provide necessary information for projecting future cash flows (see Fact Sheet 545, "Enterprise Budgeting in Farm Management Decisionmaking"). Also, consider changes in the farm business that are expected to take place the coming year such as crop rotations, new livestock enterprises, or sales and purchases of capital assets. Your first cashflow projection may not be as accurate as you would like, but it will provide important planning information. As cash flow statements are regularly developed, projections in future years will become more accurate. In filling out cash flow statements, it is a good idea to get several copies of the cash flaw statement form. Use a pencil and a good eraser in filling out the form. Calculators are useful in doing the calculations.

Are There Ways To Solve
Cash Flow Problems?

Some Helpful Suggestions

     Most farms at one time or another experience cash flow problems. A cash flow statement is one of the best ways to pinpoint these problems, and there are ways to deal with them. No one strategy will work at all times. Rather, a combination of strategies is the basis for solving cash flow problems. However, in adopting methods to remedy these problems, be sure the strategies used do not adversely affect profitability. Treating cash flow problems at the expense of profitability is a short-term remedy that may have bad long-term effects.

Improving profitability. Cash flow problems may be the symptom of the greater problem of

low profitability. In approaching cash flow problems, first analyze profits and profitability (see Fact Sheet 539, "Assessing and Improving Your Farm Profitability"). Increasing profits and profitability is often the best way to remedy cash flow problems. Once the farm is profitable, you can then concentrate on cash flow problems.

Identifying the problems beforehand. One way you can prevent cash flow problems is to have cash flow statements so you can identify problems before they occur. This gives you time to alter your plans and remedy the problems by timing cash inflows and cash outflows, if you want to maintain a liquidity reserve.

Changing production plans. Carefully look at the combination of enterprises on the farm. Perhaps another crop rotation or livestock enterprise would increase cash flow and allow you to maintain profitability at the same time. For example, introducing legume hay into a rotation may bring in some needed cash during the summer months. You can maintain profitability through lower nitrogen fertilizer costs for subsequent crops.

Managing expenditures. An effective way to improve your cash flow is through cost control. Frequently check to see if levels of inputs are economical.Are you using the best seeds and seeding rates? Is fertilization at an economically favorable level? Can you reduce the use of commercial fertilizer through better management of livestock wastes? Will integrated pest management reduce pesticide cost over routine spraying? Can you lower purchased feed costs through improved management of forage costs and farm produced concentrates? Is feed conversion being emphasized in forage testing and balancing feed rations? Can you cut down on veterinary and medicine bills through careful management of herd health? Can you utilize labor better to decrease expensive capital outlays? Is there better machinery that would improve labor efficiency? Can you cut down on

machinery costs through reduced tillage methods? Can repair bills be reduced through onfarm repairs? Can you lower interest costs through better loan rates or timing of loans?

Scrutinize every cost to see if you can make reductions without adversely affecting profitability.

Improving marketing plans. For nonperishable commodities, you have some flexibility in timing sales. Improving farm profitability should be your main goal in formulating a marketing plan. However, you should also consider cash needs in timing sales.

Leasing or renting. The down payments and loan payments associated with purchasing land, buildings and machinery sometimes put a heavy burden on cash flow. Leasing or rental payments on these may be considerably lower and will free cash that you need for other obligations. However, be sure to assess the impact of these leasing and rental arrangements on the profitability of your farm operation.

Reducing living expenses. Carefully review your family budget. Record all family expenditures. Many families are surprised by how much they spend for personal living expenses. Distinguish between necessities and wants. Postpone unneeded family expenditures. Base family spending on the performance of the farm business and/or off-farm income. Be realistic in determining the amount of family withdrawals the farm can support.

Taking an off-farm job. One or both spouses could seek part-time or full-time employment off the farm. More and more, wives are taking an active role in the farm business operation, thus giving additional flexibility in deciding who can work off the farm. Carefully consider any additional expenses related to offfarm employment such as transportation, clothing, child care and others.

Refinancing. Cash flow problems are sometimes caused by a poor balance of short-, intermediate- and long-term debts on the farm. Some farmers use shortterm loans to finance intermediate- and long-term assets. Normally, operating loans are used to purchase variable inputs such as seed, feed, fertilizer, chemicals, others. The loans are then paid back as the commodities are sold. However, operating loans should not be used for intermediate- or long-term assets such as equipment, breeding livestock, buildings and land because the receipts from one production period cannot be expected to cover the costs of assets that last for several production periods. The idea of self-liquidating loans suggests that a proper financing program for loans would match the input's life and pattern of earnings with the length of repayment schedule on the loan used to obtain the input. A farm implement that will last 5 to 7 years should be financed for 5 to 7 years. Financing it for a shorter period may cause you cash flow problems.

     If a drought year results in insufficient receipts to cover the operating loan, rolling this loan over to the next year may cause cash flow problems. Perhaps you should refinance the loan over a longer period so the cash shortfall can be absorbed over several production periods.

     Refinancing can effectively deal with cash

flow problems but sometimes it may just be buying time for you. If the farm is not profitable, refinancing is an indication that the problem is just being prolonged.

Liquidating assets. Selling your assets is usually a more drastic measure for dealing with cash flow problems; however, it may be justified. Sell unprofitable assets first. Excessive personal assets (boats, campers), timber, replacement stock, unused machinery, unproductive land, others, are good candidates. Then consider downsizing the operation through selling off breeding livestock, machinery and land, but only after doing an in-depth long-term financial analysis of the impact of these corrective actions.

     When selling assets, do not overlook the income tax consequences of capital gains. Also, do not sell assets without discussing it with creditors who have an interest in those assets.

Maintaining credit reserves. Manage debt to maintain a credit reserve. If you borrow to the limit and other cash inflows stop, then your liquidity reserve will dry up also. Bills will accumulate and creditors will line up at your door. When experiencing cash flow problems, let your creditors know what you are doing to solve the problems. Avoiding creditors may just aggravate the problem.

What Computer Help Is Available on Farm Management?

  The financial management of your farm can be complex and time consuming. You need time to gather and organize data before you can formulate and analyze your balance sheets. Microcomputers can significantly assist in improving the analysis of your farm operation. The Maryland Cooperative Extension Service offers farmers computer assistance for financial analysis through the FINPACK farm financial planning and analysis computer program. Developed by the University of Minnesota, FINPACK does a complete financial analysis of your farm. It has been used on over 40,000 farms in 40 states. The FINAN component of this program provides a comprehensive balance sheet analysis of the farm operation. To find out more about this program, see your Extension agent at your local county Extension office.